In recent decades, increasing life expectancy and an ageing population have posed new challenges to a number of medical issues, including bone degeneration and related pathologies, prompting the search for innovative hard tissue reconstruction methods. Hard tissues of human body mainly consist of calcium phosphate (CP) nanocrystals, dominated by two major phases- nonstoichiometric hydroxyapatite and magnesium whitlockite (Mg-WH), embedded within a collagen matrix [1-2]. While monophasic CP can be and are used as bone implants, recent research shows that multiphase CP composites exhibit a better biological response than traditional single-phase CP materials [3]. CP composites preserve the biocompatibility, osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity of the constituent CP phases, and also allow for the adjustment of key characteristics of the implant, such as biodegradability and mechanical durability, to meet specific clinical requirements by adjusting the ratio between different phases.
This study focuses on the development of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) granules composed of magnesium whitlockite and carbonate hydroxyapatite, designed to closely mimic the natural composition of bone and enhance biocompatibility for implant applications. The granules were synthesized from an environmentally friendly gypsum precursor at low temperatures through dissolution-precipitation reactions under static and rotational conditions. By varying synthesis dynamics, the study examines its impact on the phase composition, structure, and morphology of the final product. Various analytical techniques, including XRD, FTIR, and ICP-OES, were used to examine material composition, while SEM and BET analysis assessed surface properties. Synthesized BCP pellets with different CHA and Mg-WH ratios exhibited variations in structure, composition, and surface characteristics based on synthesis conditions. XRD, FTIR, and ICP-OES revealed that higher Mg²⁺ concentrations used in the synthesis process influenced phase composition, while BET analysis showed that increasing Mg-WH content reduced surface area and porosity.