Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue marked by insulin deficiency and high blood sugar, leading to complications like heart disease, kidney failure, and even death. Tight glucose control reduces health risks, making regular monitoring essential and positioning glucose as the most tested analyte, with biosensors covering 85% of the market. This demand for reliable glycaemic control drives continuous research into advanced detection technologies [1].
Amperometric enzyme electrodes, in particular glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme-based electrodes, have helped to simplify the detection of blood sugar levels and are expected to contribute to the advancement of continuous glucose control [2]. Second-generation enzymatic glucose biosensors use artificial redox mediators instead of oxygen for electron transfer. These small, soluble mediators transfer electrons from the enzyme’s FAD center to the electrode, lowering the sensor’s operational potential and reducing interference [1]. Common mediators include ferrocene derivatives, ferricyanide, quinones, transition metal complexes, and phenothiazine [3]. In this work, a second-generation glucose biosensor was designed, and its performance characteristics were evaluated. The biosensor design incorporated metal and hybrid/composite nanomaterials for electrode modification, aiming to enhance the detection mechanism and electrochemical performance of enzymatic glucose biosensors. The results were compared to those of a conventional second-generation glucose biosensor.