Nanomaterials are widely used in many fields including medicine, material sciences, electronics, etc. Nanostructures can range in size from 1 to 100 nm and can be classified as nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles [1]. Because of their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio, these materials can be used for their unique physical and chemical properties. Nowadays the application of nanomaterials in biosensing is emerging due to the improvements it brings for qualitative and quantitative detection. Due to unique electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, nanomaterials can be used to improve the analytical parameters of biosensors. The use of nanostructures in electrochemical immunosensors enhances the analytical signal and reduces the limit of analyte detection because of the increased surface area and improved electron transfer kinetics. [2]. Compared to traditional immunoassays, nanoparticle-based immunosensors are more sensitive, specific, and stable allowing the detection of lower concentrations of the analyte [3].
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a protein, commonly used by researchers in various ways. BSA could be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) as a protein coating for plates in order to prevent non-specific binding of other biomolecules. In addition, BSA can be employed as a protein standard in various assays. It is considered a fairly non-reactive protein, which can help to reduce background noise. Additionally, BSA and anti-BSA could be used as a model system for the development of new immunosensors [4].Gold nanostructures (AuNS) are one of the most commonly used materials for the modification of electrochemical immunosensors. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of various AuNS on immunosensor development. This study reviews different electrochemical AuNS deposition methods on graphite electrode using a three-electrode system. The use of AuNS significantly increased registered oxidation-reduction currents of the redox probe after the BSA immobilization and interaction with specific antibodies (anti-BSA). This principle of antibody determination can be applied to the determination of other analytes, e.g. antibody to SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
